Law of interpretation of statues




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Article 14 - 32

Right to Equality (Articles 14–18) Article Title Description 14 Equality before law Ensures equality before law and equal protection of laws 15 Prohibition of discrimination Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth 16 Equality of opportunity Provides equal opportunity in matters of public employment 17 Abolition of untouchability Untouchability is abolished and its practice is forbidden 18 Abolition of titles Abolishes titles except military and academic distinctions Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22) Article Title Description 19 Protection of freedoms Guarantees six freedoms including speech, movement, and profession 20 Protection in respect of conviction Protection against ex-post facto laws and double punishment 21 Life and personal l...
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Article 14 - 28 all Case laws

Important Case Laws (Articles 14–32) Article Right Case Law Key Principle Article 14 Right to Equality E.P. Royappa v. State of TN Equality is absence of arbitrariness Article 14 Right to Equality Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India Articles 14, 19 & 21 are interconnected Article 15 No Discrimination Champakam Dorairajan Case Caste-based reservation invalid (pre-amendment) Article 16 Public Employment Equality Indra Sawhney v. Union of India 50% cap on reservation, creamy layer doctrine Article 19 Freedom of Speech Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras Free speech is foundation of democracy Article 20 Protection in Conviction Maqboo...
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Article 14 -18

Article 14 – Equality Before Law Key Points: Ensures equality before law for all persons Law applies equally to every individual Prohibits arbitrary discrimination by the State Important Note: Equality does not mean treating everyone identically. Reasonable classification is allowed. Example: Government cannot punish one person for an offence and let another go free for the same offence. Article 15 – Prohibition of Discrimination Key Points: No discrimination on religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth Applies to access to shops, hotels, public places Allows special provisions for women and backward classes Important Note: Reservation for SC, ST, OBC and women is allowed under this article. Example: A hotel cannot deny entry to a person because of their caste or religion. Article 16 – Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment Key Points: Equal opportu...
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